VARIATIONS IN ALFALFA JUICE SOLUTE CONCENTRATIONS AS WATER IS EVAPORATED

Alfalfa juice was extracted from plants during the graving phases of the first and second crops. The alfalfa juice was dried and solute concentrations were measured periodically during the process using freezing point depression (FPD) as an indicator. Solute/solvent weight ratios were calculated from the freezing point depression of fresh unconcentrated 'uice extracted from both firsc and second crops. At the time of harvest, tie FPD was a function of this ratio. The first and second crops behaved distinctively different during the drying process, with the second having a larger soluce concentration and a greater FPD at a given moisture content. The appearance of preci itate during the drying process and the general1 large FPD makes this materiay a questionable product for drying vitg low temperature processes.     

Experimental Investigation of the Recovery of Soaked Paper Using Evaporative Freeze Drying

The aim of this article is to develop an experiment and a procedure to investigate the restoration of water-damaged paper and archival materials using freeze drying in order to allow a reproducible test and comparison of the influence of different operating conditions on drying time and restored paper quality. Firstly, a reproducible method for the preparation of soaked samples simulating water-damaged paper has been developed. Then, the samples have been freeze-dried in a laboratory-scale apparatus that allowed monitoring the temperature as well as the weight of the samples. The technique of evaporative freezing, which reduces the drying time required, has been used in this case. An innovative procedure for the visualization of the progress of the drying process has been validated, thus allowing the validation of a simple phenomenological model of the time evolution of the ice core volume; in addition, data on the residual moisture of the dried paper sheets in different zones have been given. Finally, optimization of this particular drying process by using simple or more sophisticated approaches has been discussed.     

影响拟薄水铝石烘干系统产能的成因分析及其改进措施

本文针对拟薄水铝石生产线中的关键环节—烘干系统的设备产能问题进行了分析和技术改造,收到了较好的效果,并为同类生产企业及今后改、扩建工作提供了有益的借鉴。     

异味豆木材干燥工艺的研究

采用百度试验法对异味豆木材进行干燥特性砰究，给出了22mm厚异味豆地板坯料的干燥基准及干燥工艺。研究表明，异味豆木材的干燥速度5级，前期开裂5级．内裂5级，扭曲5级，截面变形3级，属于难干树种。采用给出的干燥工艺，22mm厚异味豆地板坯料从初含水率32.23％干燥到11．12％的干燥周期为700h，干燥质量能满足实木地板的加工要求。     

影响黏性土表面干缩裂缝结构形态的因素及定量分析

本文在室内试验的基础上,采用计算机图片处理技术,在对不同黏土厚度、干湿循环次数和土质成分等条件下黏性土干缩裂缝网络进行对比和定量分析的基础上,探讨了聚丙烯纤维对黏性土干缩裂缝的抑制作用和机理。结果表明,土层厚度、干湿循环次数和土质成分对裂缝网络的节点个数、裂缝条数、裂缝长度和宽度、块区个数、块区面积、裂缝率和裂缝网络的分形维数等定量参数均有一定的影响;裂缝网络的节点个数、块区个数和裂缝率是描述其形态结构和几何特征的基本指标;在黏性土中加入适量的聚丙烯纤维能够改变干缩裂缝的发展规律,降低土体的裂隙率,提高土体结构物的稳定性和防渗性能。     

Optimal Control of Solar Sludge Dryers

Optimal control (OC) methodology is used to develop a control policy for a batch-operated solar sludge dryer with ventilation as the dominant control. Batch performance criteria and instantaneous optimization criteria are developed for two economic environments: quota limited and capital limited. The general formulation, as well as simplifications resulting from the multiplicative form of the evaporation (drying) rate model, are presented. The multiplicative form results in a single constant number, called here “control intensity,” which is used to guide the on-line control decisions. These decisions turn out to be independent of the dry solids content (DSC) of the sludge. Further simplification, by assuming a strictly constant weather, is used to demonstrate the general effects of the economic and physical (weather) environment on the solution.

The OC approach is used to address, via simulation under realistic weather conditions, several design, operation, and pricing problems. In particular, the following have been considered: sizing of the ventilation fans, determination of a fair fee for sludge disposal, finding the best final DSC, and evaluating the effect of the price of electricity. Regarding the particular location represented by the data, it has been shown that the installed capacity of the ventilation fans should be increased and that there seems to be sufficient economic incentive for solar drying.     

Experimental Study on Energy Consumption of Combined Conventional and Dehumidification Drying

Conventional drying, dehumidification drying, and combined conventional-dehumidification drying of wood were experimentally studied in this article. The results showed that the energy consumption in the dehumidification drying is the least but its drying time is the longest. The energy consumption in the combined drying is more than that in the dehumidification drying but less than that in the conventional drying, and the drying time is half of that in the dehumidification drying. The advantages of the combined conventional and dehumidification drying are discussed from the experiments results.     

间苯二酚－甲醛有机气凝胶的结构控制研究

以间苯二酚（Ｒｅｓｏｒｃｉｎｏｌ）－甲醛（Ｆｏｒｍａｌｄｅｈｙｄｅ）为原料，用溶胶－凝胶法和超临界干燥工艺制备了纳米多孔ＲＦ有机气凝胶。系统研究了原料配比、催化剂的使用、反应温度及溶剂用量等因素对ＲＦ气凝胶凝结时间和结构的影响，可以实现对该材料的结构进行纳米尺寸上的控制，从而为该材料的应用开发奠定了基础。     

Whey Drying on Porous Carriers

Whey is an undurable product. treated very often as a waste which pollutes the natural environment. Whey which is a valuable source of protein, lactose, vitamins and mineral salts should be utilized completely. The present paper is a proposal of whey drying on porous carriers. It is proved experimentally that the proposed drying method guarantees good product quality.     

ANALYSIS OF OPEN SUN DRYING EXPERIMENTS

Open sun drying has lost its previous importance due to the fact that different factors affect its reliability and the quality of the products obtained.

One of the set-backs for the analysis of solar drying exoeriments is their deoendence on a non-controlled source of energy, i.e. solar radiation depends on climatic conditions and experiments are difficult to compare. It is thus necessary to investigate the advantages of a particular set up as well as the climatic influences. Open sun drying could constitute the natural reference, allowing the comparison of different drying strategies.

A new way of standardizing drying times, based on solar radiation inout, is proposed, to allow better evaluation of the experiments. An equivalent time is defined, allowing comparison of experiments carried out under different circumstances. Carrots and potatoes were used in these experiments.

The use of the average daily solar radiation 15.28 MJ m^-2.d^-1 in Palma de Mallorca (39.33°N, 2.37°E), is proposed for comparison purposes. An improvement of more than 12 % in the explained variance was observed, the unexplained variance being lower than 1 %.